Anatomy & Histology – 2nd Semester

The 2nd semester of the Pharm-D program lays a strong foundation in both basic and pharmaceutical sciences, integrating theoretical and practical knowledge essential for future clinical practice.

Theory Subjects:

Anatomy & Histology

Course Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify and describe the anatomy of the thoracic region, including the skeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular structures
2. Understand and explain the positions, structures, and functions of the major abdominal organs and related systems.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the structures and functions of the urinary system, limbs, and nervous system, including the spinal cord, brain, cranial nerves, eye, and ear.
4. Explain histological techniques and their pharmacological relevance in the context of tissue analysis and drug interactions.

Contents:

1. The Thorax: The thoracic cage, the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, sternum, diaphragm, lobes and fissures of lungs, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, larynx
2. The Heart: Anterior and posterior aspects of the heart, the coronary arteries and veins, heart chambers, mediastinum
3. The Abdominal Cavity:
a. Positions of liver, spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, stomach and kidney in the abdominal cavity.
b. Gross anatomy of stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, and kidney
c. The portal system of veins, the biliary duct system
4. The Urinary System: Gross anatomy of the ureter, the bladder, the urethra, scrotum, testis
5. Upper and Lower Limb: Gross anatomy of the bones and joints of upper and lower limbs
6. Nervous System: Gross anatomy of spinal cord and brain, names of the cranial nerves and their specific functions.
7. Eye and Ear: Gross anatomy of eye and ear
8. Histology
a. Overview of histological techniques like tissue fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining, and microscopy.
b. Pharmacological relevance of histology