Physical Pharmacy-II Pharm-D – 2nd Semester

The 2nd semester of the Pharm-D program lays a strong foundation in both basic and pharmaceutical sciences, integrating theoretical and practical knowledge essential for future clinical practice.

Theory Subjects:

Pharmaceutics-IB: Physical Pharmacy II

Course Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain basic physicochemical principles relevant to drug delivery systems and formulations.

Contents:

1. Surface and Interfacial Phenomena:
i. Surface and interfacial tension.
ii. Types of surfactants, techniques to reduce surface tension, and pharmaceutical applications.
iii. Micellization and its application in dosage forms.
2. Adsorption: Mechanisms, types of adsorption, adsorption isotherms.
3. Disperse Systems:
i. Colloids: Introduction, types, methods of preparation, optical/kinetic/electrical properties, stability and pharmaceutical applications.
ii. Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification, emulsifying agents (classification and properties), stability issues, pharmaceutical applications.
iii. Suspensions: Types, methods of preparation, properties, types of suspending agents, stability concerns, pharmaceutical applications.
4. Rheology:
i. Fluid flow behaviors, rheograms.
ii. Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids.
iii. Thixotropy, anti-thixotropy, and rheopexy.
iv. Factors affecting and significance in pharmaceutical formulations.
5. Stability Studies in Pharmacy:
i. Introduction, factors affecting stability, types of stability studies.
ii. Rate of reactions and order of kinetics
iii. Drug degradation: Phase separation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and other pathways of
drug degradation. Role of pH, temperature and ionic strength.
6. Unit Operations in Pharmacy:
i. Introduction to terminologies and concepts of Precipitation, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophilization, elutriation, desiccation, ignition, fusion, sublimation, calcination, decantation, adsorption, centrifugation, trituration, levigation, and dialysis.