Biochemistry-II Pharm-D – 2nd Semester

The 2nd semester of the Pharm-D program lays a strong foundation in both basic and pharmaceutical sciences, integrating theoretical and practical knowledge essential for future clinical practice.

Theory Subjects:

Biochemistry-II: Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIB

Course Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain advanced biochemical roles of proteins, amino acids, and enzymes, including their metabolism, disorders, and pharmaceutical significance.
2. Analyze the structure, function, and therapeutic relevance of nucleic acids in gene therapy, drug delivery, and diagnostic applications.
3. Interpret the clinical significance of biochemical markers (e.g., bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid) in diagnosing liver and kidney disorders prevalent in Pakistan.
4. Demonstrate accurate use of biochemical lab methods (e.g., Biuret, Jaffe, LFT/KFT) for quantitative analysis of biomolecules in biological samples.

Contents:

1. Biochemistry Proteins and Amino acids: Proteins and Amino acids: Define proteins and amino acids, classifications of proteins and amino acids, essential amino acids, peptide bonds, organizational levels, amphoteric properties, pharmaceutical importance of proteins and amino acids. Proteins and amino acids digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion, biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids and its disorders, protein metabolism disorders, urea cycle and its disorders, biosynthesis and degradation of heme. Brief overview of protein and amino acid metabolic disorders.

2. Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acid, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleic acid uses in gene therapy, drug delivery, diagnostics, vaccines, targeted therapies, antisense therapy, bioanalysis, nanotechnology pharmaceutical importance.
3. Biochemistry of Enzymes: Enzymes, classification, inhibition, activation, specificity, allosteric enzymes, factors affecting rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction, drug-enzyme interactions, pharmaceutical importance of enzymes, Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic
processes.
4. Biochemistry of Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.
5. Introduction to clinical biochemistry: Introduction and importance of clinical biochemistry. laboratory tests in diagnosis of diseases including uric acid, cholesterol, bilirubin and creatinine.